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Source: https://www.scmp.com/ |
I. Broad Classification
A. Chemical classification
- B-lactam antibiotics: B-lactamase inhibitors-Clavulanic acid, Penicillins, Sulbactam, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams.
- Nicotinic acid derivatives: Pyrazinamide, Isoniazid, Ethionamide
- Quinolones: Gatifloxacin Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, etc
- Sulfonamides and related drugs: Paraaminosalicylic acid (PAS), Sulfones-Dapsone (DDS), Sulfadiazine and others.
- Tetracyclines: Doxycycline, Oxytetracycline, etc.
- Nitrobenzene derivative: Chloramphenicol
- Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole, Tinidazole, and others
- Macrolide antibiotics: Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin
- Lincosamide antibiotics: Clindamycin, Lincomycin
- Glycopeptides: Teicoplanin, Vancomycin
- Aminoglycosides: Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Neomycin, Amikacin, etc.
- Polypeptide antibiotics: Colistin, Polymyxin-B, Tyrothricin, Bacitracin
- Nitrofuran derivatives: Furazolidone, Nitrofurantoin
- Oxazolidinone: Linezolid
- Diaminopyrimidines: Pyrimethamine, Trimethoprim
- Others: Ethambutol, Cycloserine, Thiacetazone, Rifampin, Viomycin, Spectinomycin, Clofazimine
B. Classification on the basis of the mechanism of action
- Cause misreading of mRNA code and affect permeability: Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Aminoglycosides, etc
- Inhibit DNA gyrase: Fluoroquinolones, Ciprofloxacin, etc
- Interfere with intermediary metabolism: Trimethoprim, Sulfonamides, Ethambutol, Sulfones, PAS
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis: Bacitracin, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Vancomycin, Cycloserine
- Cause leakage from cell membranes: Colistin, Polypeptides-Polymyxins, Bacitracin
- Interfere with DNA function: Metronidazole, Rifampin
- Inhibit protein synthesis: Linezolid, Tetracyclines, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin
C. Classification according to the spectrum of activity
- Narrow spectrum: Penicillin G, Erythromycin, Streptomycin
- Intermediate spectrum: Newer macrolides, Cephalosporins (2nd/3rd Gen), Aminopenicillins, Fluoroquinolones
- Broad spectrum: Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines
D. Classification according to the type of action
- Primarily bacteriostatic: Linezolid, Sulfonamides, Chloramphenicol, Ethambutol, Clindamycin, Tetracyclines, Erythromycin
- Primarily bactericidal: Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Ciprofloxacin, Penicillins, Metronidazole, Rifampin, Vancomycin, Pyrazinamide, Nalidixic acid, Cotrimoxazole, Polypeptides, Isoniazid
II. Sulfonamides
- Short-acting (4-8 hr): Sulfadiazine
- Intermediate-acting (8-12 hr): Sulfamethoxazole
- Long-acting (7 days): Sulfadoxine, Sulfamethopyrazine
- Special purpose sulfonamides: Silver sulfadiazine, Mafenide, Sulfacetamide sod., Sulfasalazine, Cotrimoxazole (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 1:5)
III. Quinolones
- Nonfluorinated Quinolone: Nalidixic acid
- First-generation Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin
- Second generation Fluoroquinolones: Sparfloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Levofloxacin
- Third generation Fluoroquinolones: Prulifloxacin, Gemifloxacin
IV. Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
PENICILLINS
A. Natural Penicillin: Benzyl Penicillin (Penicillin G)
B. Semisynthetic Penicillins
1. Acid-resistant alternative to penicillin G: Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V)
2. Penicillinase resistant penicillins: Cloxacillin, Methicillin
3. Extended-spectrum penicillins
- Aminopencillins: Bacampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin
- Carboxypenicillins: Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin
- Ureidopenicillins: Mezlocillin, Piperacillin
C. B-lactamase inhibitors
Tazobactam, Sulbactam, Clavulanic acid
CEPHALOSPORINS
First-generation
- Parenteral: Cefazolin, Cephalothin
- Oral: Cefadroxil, Cephradine, Cephalexin
Second generation
- Parenteral: Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime
- Oral: Cefprozil, Cefuroxime axetil, Cefaclor
Third generation
- Parenteral: Cefoperazone, Ceftizoxime, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone
- Oral: Ceftamet pivoxil, Cefixime, Cefdinir, Cefpodoxime proxetil, Ceftibuten
Fourth generation
- Cefpirome, Cefepime
V. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
A. Systemic aminoglycosides
- Amikacin, Gentamicin, Netilmicin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Sisomicin
B. Topical aminoglycosides
- Framycetin, Neomycin
VI. Tetracyclines
- Demeclocycline
- Minocycline
- Oxytetracycline
- Doxycycline
- Tetracycline
VII. Chloramphenicol
- Chloramphenicol
- Chloramphenicol succinate
- Chloramphenicol palmitate
VIII. Macrolide Antibiotics
1. Erythromycin
- Erythromycin estolate (lauryl sulfate)
- Erythromycin ethylsuccinate
- Erythromycin (base)
- Erythromycin stearate
2. Spiramycin
3. Clarithromycin
4. Roxithromycin
5. Azithromycin
IX. Lincosamide Antibiotics
- Clindamycin
- Lincomycin
X. Aminocyclitol Antibiotic
- Spectinomycin
XI. Glycopeptide Antibiotics
- Teicoplanin
- Vancomycin
XII. Oxazolidinone
- Linezolid
XIII. Polypeptide Antibiotics
- Bacitracin
- Tyrothricin
- Polymyxin B
- Colistin sulfate
XIV. Urinary Antiseptics
- Nalidixic acid
- Nitrofurantoin
- Methenamine (Hexamine) mandelate
XV. Antitubercular Drugs
First-line drugs
- Ethambutol (E)
- Isoniazid (H)
- Pyrazinamide (Z)
- Rifampin (R)
- Streptomycin (S)
Second-line drugs
- Cycloserine (Cys)
- Paraaminosalicylic (PAS)
- Amikacin (Am)
- Thiacetazone (Tzn)
- Capreomycin (Cpr)
- Ethionamide (Etm)
- Kanamycin (Kmc)
Newer Drugs
- Clarithromycin, Rifabutin, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin
XVI. Antileprotic Drugs
- Antitubercular drugs: Rifampin, Ethionamide F MF Healthcare ank
- Sulfone: Dapsone (DDS)
- Phenazine derivative: Clofazimine
- Other antibiotics: Ofloxacin, Minocycline, Clarithromycin
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